The theme addressed in this research concerns the criminalization of feminist activism, using institutional violence as a way of preventing demonstrations with the aim of frightening these women out of these spaces. These instruments are used in order to punish feminists, occurring in a more severe way than when it comes to male activists, therefore, there is a more severe form of repression present when it comes to women participating in movements in the fight for your rights. This is a bibliographical research that includes a bibliographical survey, including books and scientific articles belonging to the area of social knowledge, about themes involving the criminalization of feminist activists, social movements themselves and about feminism itself in its multiple forms. Therefore, based on the verified concepts, prognoses are formulated demonstrating the link between criminalization, and other forms of repression, of feminist activism and society's clear dissatisfaction with feminism in its general form. In parallel, a database is created with basic information for identification and other essential elements, such as the collective in which they participate and their position within it, the type of violence suffered and during which period it occurred. Finally, with all the material collected, it is presented which facts, which were initially mere hypotheses, are supported by the chosen authors and true in reality

A temática abordada na presente pesquisa diz respeito à criminalização do ativismo feminista, utilizando como forma de impedimento das manifestações a violência institucional com o objetivo de amedrontar essas mulheres para fora desses espaços. Esses instrumentos são usados de forma a punir as feministas, ocorrendo de uma forma mais severa do que quando se trata de ativistas homens, sendo assim, há uma forma de repressão mais severa e presente quando trata-se de mulheres participando de movimentos na luta pelos seus direitos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que conta com um levantamento bibliográfico, contando com livros e artigos científicos pertencentes a área de conhecimento social, acerca das temáticas que envolvem a criminalização das ativistas feministas, dos movimentos sociais em si e acerca do próprio feminismo em suas múltiplas formas. Conseguinte, a partir dos conceitos verificados, formula-se prognósticos demonstrando o elo entre a criminalização, e outras formas de repressão, do ativismo feminista com a clara insatisfação da sociedade perante ao feminismo em sua forma geral. Em paralelo, elabora-se uma base de dados com as informações básicas para sua identificação e outros elementos essenciais, como o coletivo o qual participa e qual seu cargo dentro dele, o tipo de violência sofrida e durante qual período ocorreu. Por fim, com todo material recolhido, apresenta-se quais fatos, que inicialmente eram meras hipóteses, têm respaldo nos autores escolhidos

Abstract The article discusses the concept of Political Opportunity Structure, central to the Political Process Theory, which emerged in the 1960s, in North America, and is essential to the study of social movements. Its objective is to nuance the use of this concept, after presenting its context of initial formulation and addressing the main criticisms, reformulations-internal and external-and a proposal to include the category of violence, notably from Latin American experiences. From a qualitative approach, with an extensive bibliographic review, it concludes that the neglect of the polysemical category of violence provided an often mistaken reading of the classic questions of this field, namely, how and why subjects mobilize. Furthermore, we come up with readings that definitely include the different uses of violent practices both in social movements and to repress them in the analysis of political opportunities.

Resumo Este artigo discute o conceito de Estrutura de Oportunidades Políticas, central na Teoria do Processo Político, surgido na década de 1960 na América do Norte, e importante para o estudo dos movimentos sociais. Seu objetivo é matizar o uso dessa conceituação após apresentar seu contexto de formulação inicial e abordar as principais críticas, reformulações - internas e externas -, e uma proposta de inclusão da categoria violência, notadamente a partir das experiências latino-americanas. Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, com uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, conclui-se que a negligência da polissêmica categoria da violência propiciou uma leitura muitas vezes equivocada das perguntas clássicas desse campo de estudos, a saber, como e por quê se mobilizam os sujeitos. Ademais, é proposta uma leitura que inclui definitivamente os distintos usos de práticas violentas, tanto nos movimentos sociais, quanto para reprimi-los, na análise das oportunidades políticas.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de culturas de inverno e dos sistemas de cultivo de soja sobre populações de Pratylenchus brachyurus e Helicotylenchus dihystera, em área naturalmente infestada, na região centro-sul do Paraná, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em dois anos agrícolas (safras 2017/2018 e 2018/2019). Cevada ou aveia-preta (culturas de inverno) e soja (cultura de verão) foram tratadas com nematicidas químicos e biológicos, aplicados aos sulcos ou em tratamentos de sementes. A reprodução dos nematoides em soja foi avaliada aos 45 e 90 dias após a semeadura (DAS). A produtividade da soja e a massa de 1.000 grãos também foram determinadas. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) da safra 2017/2018 mostrou correlação positiva entre a reprodução de P. brachyurus e H. dihystera e cevada/soja + cadusafos, cevada/soja + abamectina e cevada/soja + Bacillus spp., aos 45 DAS, o que mostra que estes tratamentos favoreceram a reprodução inicial dos nematoides. Na safra 2018/2019, os sistemas cevada/soja sem tratamento, cevada/soja + abamectina e aveia-preta/soja + abamectina proporcionaram aumento da massa de 1.000 grãos. O controle químico reduziu a reprodução de P. brachyurus nas duas safras. A aveia-preta e os tratamentos com abamectina das culturas de inverno e verão controlam P. Brachyurus e aumentam a produção de soja. No entanto, os resultados não são conclusivos quanto ao manejo de H. dihystera.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of winter crops and of soybean management systems on Pratylenchus brachyurus and Helicotylenchus dihystera populations, in a naturally infested site, in the south-central region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out during two crop years (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). Barley or black oat (winter crops) and soybean (summer crop) were treated with chemical or biological nematicides applied in the furrows or as seed treatment. Nematode reproduction on soybean was evaluated at 45 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Soybean yield and 1,000-grain weight were also determined. The principal component analysis (PCA) of 2017/2018 showed a positive correlation between P. brachyurus and H. dihystera reproduction with barley/soybean + cadusafos, barley/soybean + abamectin, and barley/soybean + Bacillus spp., at 45 DAS, which shows that these treatments favored initial nematode reproduction. In the 2018/2019 crop year, the untreated barley/soybean, barley/soybean + abamectin, and black oat/soybean + abamectin systems favored the increase of 1,000-grain weight. The chemical control reduced P. brachyurus reproduction in both crop years. Black oat and the treatments with abamectin of winter and summer crops control P. brachyurus and increase soybean yield. However, the results are not conclusive for H. dihystera management.

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo é analisar as relações entre os feminismos e as mídias digitais em um contexto de expansão do acesso à internet no Brasil. A partir dos desdobramentos ocorridos na última década, interessa-nos compreender como se constroem novos repertórios dos ativismos feministas nas redes digitais, com atenção às transformações sociotécnicas, tecnológicas e políticas. O material empírico resulta de duas pesquisas qualitativas, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com ativistas feministas em Londrina e no Rio de Janeiro, combinadas com acompanhamento de interações em redes sociais. Os resultados apontam para uma (re)configuração da prática política em que a promessa do digital somada aos acontecimentos políticos posteriores às jornadas de junho de 2013 no Brasil, recompõem os diagramas e os repertórios políticos desses movimentos.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relationship between feminisms and digital media in the context of the expansion of Internet access in Brazil. From the developments that took place in the last decade, we are interested in understanding how new repertoires of feminist activism are constructed in digital networks, focusing on socio-technical, technological and political transformations. The empirical material results from two qualitative researches, based on semi-structured interviews, carried out with feminist activists from the cities of Londrina and Rio de Janeiro, combined with the monitoring of interactions on social networks. The research findings point to a (re) configuration of political practice in which the promise of digital takes into account the events that arose after the June 2013 journeys in Brazil.

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es analizar la relación entre feminismos y medios digitales en el contexto de la expansión del acceso a internet en Brasil. A partir de los desarrollos ocurridos en la última década, nos interesa comprender cómo se construyen nuevos repertorios de activismo feminista en las redes digitales, con atención a las transformaciones socio-técnicas, tecnológicas y políticas. El material empírico resulta de dos investigaciones cualitativas, basadas en entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas con activistas feministas de las ciudades de Londrina y Río de Janeiro, combinadas con el seguimiento de las interacciones en las redes sociales. Los hallazgos de la investigación apuntan a una (re) configuración de la práctica política en la que la promesa de lo digital toma en cuenta los eventos que surgieron después de los viajes de junio de 2013 en Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reprodução de Pratylenchus zeae e P. brachyurus em plantas leguminosas usadas como adubos verdes. Plântulas de crotalária (Crotalaria juncea e C. spectabilis), guandu cv. IPR 43 (Cajanus cajan), mucuna-anã (Mucuna deeringiana), mucuna-preta (Stizolobium aterrimum) e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) foram inoculadas com ambos nematoides separadamente. O milho cv. IPR 114 e a soja cv. Pintado foram utilizadas como testemunhas da viabilidade do inóculo de P. zeae e P. brachyurus. Após 90 dias da inoculação, as plantas foram coletadas avaliando-se nematoide g-1 de raiz, população final e fator de reprodução (FR). O experimento foi conduzido em duas épocas distintas. Os FRs dos nematoides nas duas espécies de crotalárias, no guandu e na mucuna-preta foram menores que um em ambos os experimentos para P. zeae, comportando como más hospedeiras. Para P. brachyurus, os menores valores de FRs foram obtidos em C. juncea, C. spectabilis e guandu, enquanto nas demais leguminosas, os valores de FR foram próximos ou superiores a um em pelo menos um dos experimentos. Portanto, C. spectabilis, C. juncea e C. cajan cv. IPR 43 são opções de plantas antagonistas para sistemas de rotação ou sucessão que visem o controle de P. zeae e P. brachyurus.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the reproduction of Pratylenchus zeae and P. brachyurus in leguminous plants used as cover crops. Seedlings of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea and C. spectabilis), pigeon pea cultivar IPR 43 (Cajanus cajan), dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), black velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum), and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) were inoculated with each nematode separately. Maize cultivar IPR 114 and soybean cultivar Pintado were used as controls to measure the viability of the inoculation of P. zeae and P. brachyurus. After 90 days of inoculation, the plants were collected and nematode g-1 root, final population, and reproduction factors (RF) were evaluated. The experiment was carried out at two different times of the year. The nematode’s RF on cover crops from treatments with the two Crotalaria species, dwarf pigeon pea, and black velvet bean were lower than one (bad host plants) in both experiments for P. zeae. For P. brachyurus, the lowest RFs were obtained for C. juncea, C. spectabilis, and pigeon pea, while the other plants presented RF values close to or higher than one in at least one of the experiments. Therefore, C. spectabilis, C. juncea, and C. cajan cultivar IPR 43 are antagonistic plants that represent useful options for rotation or succession systems that aim to control P. zeae and P. brachyurus.

Abstract: This text discusses the structures that offer political opportunities and how the latter have led to the re-politization of young people in Nicaragua. We deliberate on the repercussions of an electoral de-politization and Sandinista re-politization, as well as the absence of opportunities for women. There are tensions and possibilities for young people, who do not identify with the current Sandinista regime, even as they consider the Sandinista Revolution to be an important reference. Discussion also centers on an ethnographic study done in three Nicaraguan cities, Managua, León, and Chinandega, during the 2016 presidential elections, and on interviews with young feminists.

Resumen: En este texto se abordan las estructuras que ofrecen oportunidades políticas en Nicaragua y a partir de ellas se analizan los procesos de repolitización de los jóvenes. Se discuten las repercusiones de la despolitización electoral y de la repolitización sandinista, así como la ausencia de oportunidades para las mujeres. Existen tensiones y posibilidades para la juventud, la cual no se identifica con el proyecto sandinista actual aunque reconoce la Revolución Sandinista como un referente importante. La discusión parte de un trabajo etnográfico realizado en tres ciudades del país -Managua, León y Chinandega- durante las elecciones presidenciales de 2016, y de entrevistas con jóvenes feministas.

Resumen (analítico): En el año 2016, miles de estudiantes de secundaria, en el estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, ocuparon sus escuelas en protesta por la crisis de los servicios educativos públicos, dando lugar al movimiento #Ocupaescola. El objetivo de este artículo es ayudar a comprender la naturaleza de estas ocupaciones. Con base en los resultados de una indagación cualitativa, con pretensiones exploratorias, que realizamos en la escuela Iepic, en el municipio de Niterói, presentamos una caracterización de las ocupaciones y una aproximación a los procesos de politización de sus integrantes, lo que nos permite concluir que el movimiento se sitúa en una tensión que revela los déficits del modelo democrático y, al mismo tiempo, los procesos instituyentes en la participación política.

Abstract (analytical): In 2016, thousands of high school students in the state of Río de Janeiro, Brazil occupied their schools to protest the crisis in the public education system creating the #OccupySchool (#Ocupaescola) movement. The aim of this article is to help understand the nature of this occupation. Through exploratory qualitative research, conducted in the Iepic School in Niterói, the authors characterize the occupations and share an approximation to the politicization processes of the occupiers. This leads to the conclusion that the movement is based on a tension that uncovers the insufficiencies of the democratic model and, at the same time, the instituent processes of political participation.

Resumo (analítico): Em 2016, milhares de estudantes secundários, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ocuparam suas escolas protestando contra a crise do sistema público educacional, criando o movimento #Ocupaescola. O objetivo desse artigo é auxiliar o entendimento da natureza dessas ocupações. Com base na exploração qualitativa exploratória, que fizemos na escola Iepic, em Niterói, apresentamos a caracterização das ocupações, e uma aproximação dos processos de politização dos ocupantes, o que nos permite concluir que o movimento se situa na tensão que revela as insuficiências do modelo democrático liberal e, ao mesmo tempo, dos processos instituintes de participação política.

Resumo Introdução: A disfunção temporomandibular é um termo que engloba vários problemas clínicos que afetam os músculos da mastigação, a articulação temporomandibular e estruturas associadas. Esse distúrbio tem uma etiologia multifatorial, com hábitos parafuncionais orais considerados um importante cofator. Entre esses hábitos, o bruxismo do sono é considerado um agente causador envolvido no desenvolvimento e/ou na perpetuação de disfunção temporomandibular. Esse problema pode resultar em sintomas otológicos dolorosos. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre disfunção temporomandibular e os sintomas otológicos e bruxismo. Método: Foram examinados 776 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 15 anos de áreas urbanas da cidade de Recife (Brasil) registrados nas Unidades de Saúde da Família. O diagnóstico da disfunção foi determinado utilizando o Eixo I dos Critérios de Diagnóstico de Pesquisa para Distúrbios Temporomandibulares, abordando questões relativas a dor miofascial e problemas articulares (luxação discal, artralgia, osteoartrite e osteoartrose). Quatro examinadores foram treinados para a administração do instrumento. A concordância intraexaminador e interexaminador foi determinada usando a estatística Kappa. Os indivíduos com diagnóstico de pelo menos uma dessas condições foram classificados como tendo disfunção temporomandibular. O diagnóstico de sintomas otológicos e bruxismo foi definido utilizando o mesmo instrumento de diagnóstico e exame clínico. Resultados: Entre os indivíduos com a disfunção, 58,2% apresentaram pelo menos um sintoma otológico e 52% apresentaram bruxismo. Foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre a disfunção temporomandibular e ambos os sintomas otológicos e bruxismo (p < 0,01 para ambos os problemas, OR = 2,12 e 2,3, respectivamente). Os sintomas otológicos e o bruxismo mantiveram significância estatística na análise de regressão logística binária, o que demonstrou uma probabilidade de 1,7 e 2 vezes maior chance de que esses indivíduos tenham disfunção temporomandibular, respectivamente. Conclusão: A análise de regressão logística demonstrou associações fortes entre disfunção temporomandibular e sintomas otológicos e bruxismo quando analisados simultaneamente, independentemente da idade e do sexo do paciente.

Abstract Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder is an umbrella term for various clinical problems affecting the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint and associated structures. This disorder has a multifactor etiology, with oral parafunctional habits considered an important co-factor. Among such habits, sleep bruxism is considered a causal agent involved in the initiation and/or perpetuation of temporomandibular disorder. That condition can result in pain otologic symptoms. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism. Methods: A total of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units were examined. The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder was determined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders, addressing questions concerning myofascial pain and joint problems (disk displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis). Four examiners had previously undergone training and calibration exercises for the administration of the instrument. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement was determined using the Kappa statistic. Individuals with a diagnosis of at least one of these conditions were classified as having temporomandibular disorder. The diagnosis of otologic symptoms and bruxism was defined using the same instrument and a clinical exam. Results: Among the individuals with temporomandibular disorder, 58.2% had at least one otologic symptom and 52% exhibited bruxism. Statistically significant associations were found between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism (p < 0.01 for both conditions; OR = 2.12 and 2.3 respectively). Otologic symptoms and bruxism maintained statistical significance in the binary logistic regression analysis, which demonstrated a 1.7 fold and twofold greater chance of such individuals have temporomandibular disorder, respectively. Conclusion: The logistic regression analysis demonstrated strong associations between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism when analyzed simultaneously, independently of patient age and gender.

RESUMO A água residuária do processamento da mandioca tem baixa relação Acidez Volátil/Alcalinidade Total, baixa capacidade de tamponamento e torna-se rapidamente acidificada. Neste ensaio, calcário dolomítico foi usado como um agente alcalinizante em um reator anaeróbio para tratar a água residuária de fecularia. O calcário dolomítico continha 27% de CaO e 23% MgO e granulometria entre 24,5 e 38,1 mm. A Demanda Química de Oxigênio média do efluente era 13.331,30 mgO2 L-1, as taxas de cargas orgânicas variaram de 1,23 a 16,43 gDQO L-1 d-1 e o tempo de retenção hidráulica variou de 10,00 a 0,80 dias. Os resultados mostraram que concentração de cálcio aumentou no efluente do reator e as concentrações de magnésio diminuíram com o aumento da carga orgânica. As concentrações de Ca2+ e Mg2+ eram de aproximadamente 5,000 e 5,05 vezes maiores no lodo do que no inóculo, respectivamente. O pH, alcalinidade total, acidez volátil e acidez volátil / alcalinidade total foram 6,69, 882,54 mgCaCO3 L-1, 221,55 mgCH3COOH L-1 e 0,22, respectivamente. A perda de massa do calcário correspondeu a apenas 2,51% da massa inicial, após 134 dias de operação do reator anaeróbio. Finalmente, concluiu-se que o calcário controlada eficazmente acidificação através do incremento de alcalinidade no sistema.

ABSTRACT Cassava processing wastewater has a low Volatile Acidity/Total Alkalinity ratio, low buffering capacity and became quickly acidified. In this trial, dolomitic limestone was used as an alkalizing agent in an anaerobic reactor to treat cassava starch wastewater. The dolomitic limestone contained 27% CaO and 23% MgO and granulometry between 24.5 and 38.1 mm. The average Chemical Oxygen Demand of the wastewater was 13331.30 mgO2 L-1, the organic loading rates (OLR) ranged from 1.23 to 16.43 gCOD L-1 d-1 and the hydraulic retention times ranged from 10.00 to 0.80 days. The results showed that the calcium concentrations increased in the reactor effluent and the magnesium concentrations decreased as the organic loading rates increased. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were approximately 5,000 and 5.05 times greater in the sludge than in the inoculum, respectively. The average pH, Total alcalinity, Volatile Acidity and Volatile Acidity/ Total alcalinity values were 6.69, 882.54 mgCaCO3 L-1, 221.55 mgCH3COOH L-1 and 0.22, respectively. The loss of limestone mass corresponded to only 2.51% of the initial mass, after 134 days of anaerobic reactor operation. Finally, it was concluded that the limestone effectively controlled acidification through the alkalinity increased in the system.

ABSTRACT The hydrogen is a fuel with a high energy density. Studies have sought to verify the potential of different residues and configurations of reactors in the production of biohydrogen. This study evaluated the influence of the organic loading rate on the production of biohydrogen from cassava starch wastewater (CSW) in anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactors (AnSBBR) operated in a fed-batch. In the tests, the organic loading rates of 9.0; 13.5 and 18.0 gCT L−1 d−1 were used, at cycle times (CT) of 4; 4 and 2 h (tests I, II and III, respectively). The reactor was inoculated with sludge from a pilot anaerobic reactor used in the treatment of CSW, heat treated (heated at 90°C for 15 min). With the increase of the organic load (condition I to II) with the same cycle time (CT: 4 h), there were increases in the hydrogen molar productivity (PrM) and hydrogen yield in relation to applied total carbohydrate (RMCA) and removed (RMCR). However, with the increase in the organic loading rate in which the CT was reduced from 4 to 2 h (condition II to III), there was a decrease in PrM and RMCA and RMCR. The best performance of the reactor was verified in condition II (organic loading rate: 13.5 gTC L− 1 d−1; CT: 4 h), in which the PrM was 35.8 molH2 m−3 d−1 and RMCA and RMCR were 2.24 and 3.67 molH2 kgTC−1, respectively.

ABSTRACT The hydrodynamic behavior of an anaerobic fixed bed reactor (AFBR) was evaluated in the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse wastewater. The AFBR was operated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 14, 11 and 8 h. Stimulus-response assays were carried out with Eosin Y and the experimental data were adjusted to the single-parameter theoretical models of dispersion and N-continuous stirred tank reactors in series (N-CSTR). The experimental results of the residence time distribution curves showed that at lower flow rate, the reactor showed plug flow behavior with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88 and number of dispersion of 0.2 for high dispersion (HD). However, at higher and intermediate flow rates, the AFBR behave as a complete mixture flow, (r) of 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. Residence time distribution curves in the AFBR showed a good approximation of the complete mixing model at hydraulic residence time of 11 and 8 h, with 5 and 2 N-CSTR reactors in series, respectively. The volume of dead zones corresponding to 43.0, 37.4 and 11.2% of the volume of the reactor for HRT of 14, 11 and 8 h, respectively, was noted, and hydraulic short circuiting were not confirmed.

Flow describes a mental state in which people seem to flow when they demonstrate a productive and motivated effort. This study sought to understand the significance that rugby athletes attribute to the flow state, the perception of the phenomena in the sports practice and the implications on performance. For that, 8 male athletes participated in the study, representing the juvenile and adult teams submitted to a semi-structured interview. The results indicated that flow occurs in situations that present balance between personal skills and challenges in sports activity. Success in the game, positive emotions, support/encouragement, recognition and overcoming were aspects that marked the experience elected as special. Making use of psychological strategies, high levels of concentration, feeling prepared for the game and positive emotions were cited as fundamental in achieving flow in the game. On the other hand, some aspects, besides causing harm, interrupted the flow: negative emotions, not perceiving one's self as prepared for the challenge, concentration problems, intragroup difficulties. Negative emotions and the feeling that one is not prepared for the challenge were aspects mentioned only by juvenile athletes. The athletes´ speech showed that although they could not describe the flow, they had already experienced this psychological state.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of an anaerobic reactor of packed-bed and continuous flow, in relation to the biogas and methane production and the removal of organic load, from the wastewater of cassava starch extraction. For this purpose, were tested, in a reactor with a useful volume of 2.82 L and support mean of polypropylene filled with polyethylene foam, the organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.5, 5.0, 8.0 and 10.0 g L-1d-1. It was evaluated the removal of COD, the pH, the VA/TA ratio, the biogas and the methane production. It was concluded from this study that it is possible to produce biogas with methane percentages higher than 80% (maximum) and remove the organic load more than 90% under the tested conditions. In relation to stability, the reactor can be considered stable for the parameters, pH, the relationship between volatile acidity and total alkalinity and organic load removal. The best results in relation to the average volumetric biogas production (0.174 and 0.311 L g COD-1) were obtained for the higher organic loading rate (of 8 and 10 g L-1d-1, respectively) and the observed tendency is that with the increase of the organic loading rate, the specific biogas production will increase as well as the specific production of methane.

RESUMO A disposição dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) é um desafio na maior parte dos municípios brasileiros, pois é realizada sem tratamento prévio, trazendo inúmeros impactos. A utilização de incineração com recuperação energética possibilita a redução dos impactos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o potencial energético dos RSD do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras no aterro do município para a realização das análises. A caracterização gravimétrica apresentou valores de 0,28 kg kg-1 para os recicláveis, 0,44 kg kg-1 para a matéria orgânica e 0,28kg kg-1 para os rejeitos. Os conteúdos de carbono fixo variaram de 0,06 a 0,09 kg kg-1, os de materiais voláteis de 0,75 a 0,81 kg kg-1 e os de cinzas de 0,10 a 0,18 kg kg-1. E o poder calorífico superior médio apresentou valor elevado, 19.807 kJ kg-1, se comparado com o de resíduos de outras cidades do mundo.

ABSTRACT Household solid waste (HSW) disposition is a challenge for the majority of the Brazilian cities, most held without pretreatment, which causes impacts. Incineration with recovery energy is an alternative to reduce impacts. In this study we analyzed the energy potential of HSW in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected at the municipal landfill for the analysis. Waste gravimetric characterization showed value 0.28 kg kg-1for recyclables, 0.44 kg kg-1for organic matter and 0.28 kg kg-1 for rejects. The fixed carbon content ranged from 0.06 to 0.09 kg kg-1, the volatile materials from 0.75 to 0.81 kg kg-1 and ashes from 0.10 to 0.18 kg kg-1. The average gross calorific value showed high value, 19,807 kJ kg-1, compared to the waste of other cities in the world.